Saint Helena

Background:

Uninhabited when first discovered by the Portuguese in 1502, Saint Helena was garrisoned by the British during the 17th century. It acquired fame as the place of Napoleon BONAPARTE's exile, from 1815 until his death in 1821, but its importance as a port of call declined after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. Ascension Island is the site of a US Air Force auxiliary airfield; Gough Island has a meteorological station.

Geography Saint Helena

Location:
islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, about midway between South America and Africa

Geographic coordinates:
15 56 S, 5 42 W

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 410 sq km
note: includes Saint Helena Island, Ascension, and the island group of Tristan da Cunha, which consists of Tristan da Cunha Island, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, and the three Nightingale Islands
water: 0 sq km
land: 410 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
60 km

Maritime claims - as described in UNCLOS 1982 (see Notes and Definitions):
territorial sea: 12 NM
exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

Climate:
Saint Helena - tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds; Tristan da Cunha - temperate; marine, mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)

Terrain:
Saint Helena - rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains
note: the other islands of the group have a volcanic origin

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Queen Mary's Peak on Tristan da Cunha 2,060 m

Natural resources:
fish

Land use:
arable land: 12.9%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 87.1% (1998 est.)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
harbors at least 40 species of plants unknown anywhere else in the world; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns

People Saint Helena

Population:
7,415 (July 2004 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 18.9% (male 710; female 689)
15-64 years: 71.4% (male 2,739; female 2,559)
65 years and over: 9.7% (male 319; female 399) (2004 est.)

Median age:
total: 34.7 years
male: 34.9 years
female: 34.5 years (2004 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.62% (2004 est.)

Birth rate:
12.68 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Death rate:
6.47 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2004 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 19.85 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 15.81 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
male: 23.7 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.57 years
male: 74.67 years
female: 80.61 years (2004 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.54 children born/woman (2004 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Saint Helenian(s)
adjective: Saint Helenian

Ethnic groups:
African descent 50%, white 25%, Chinese 25%

Religions:
Anglican (majority), Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic

Languages:
English

Literacy:
definition: age 20 and over can read and write
total population: 97%
male: 97%
female: 98% (1987 est.)

Government Saint Helena

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Saint Helena

Dependency status:
overseas territory of the UK

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Jamestown

Administrative divisions:
1 administrative area and 2 dependencies*; Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha*

Independence:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

National holiday:
Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June (1926)

Constitution:
1 January 1989

Legal system:
NA

Suffrage:
NA years of age

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor is appointed by the monarch
head of government: Governor and Commander in Chief David HOLLAMBY (since 1999); Michael CLANCY (taking office in October 2004)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, two ex officio officers, and six elected members of the Legislative Council

Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Council (16 seats, including the speaker, 3 ex officio and 12 elected members; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 27 June 2001 (next to be held NA June 2005)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 15

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Magistrate's Court; Small Debts Court; Juvenile Court

Political parties and leaders:
none

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none

International organization participation:
ICFTU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Flag description:
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield features a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship

Economy Saint Helena

Economy - overview:
The economy depends largely on financial assistance from the UK, which amounted to about $5 million in 1997 or almost one-half of annual budgetary revenues. The local population earns income from fishing, the raising of livestock, and sales of handicrafts. Because there are few jobs, 25% of the work force has left to seek employment on Ascension Island, on the Falklands, and in the UK.

GDP:
purchasing power parity - $18 million (1998 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
NA%

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,500 (1998 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA% (2002 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.2% (1997 est.)

Labor force:
3,500
note: 1,200 work offshore (1998 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture and fishing 6%, industry (mainly construction) 48%, services 46% (1987 est.)

Unemployment rate:
14% (1998 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $11.2 million
expenditures: $11 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY92/93)

Industries:
construction, crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fishing

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
5 million kWh (2001)

Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
other: 0% (2001)
nuclear: 0%

Electricity - consumption:
4.65 million kWh (2001)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2001)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2001)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
200 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Agriculture - products:
corn, potatoes, vegetables; timber; fish, crawfish (on Tristan da Cunha)

Exports:
$17 million f.o.b. (2002)

Exports - commodities:
fish (frozen, canned, and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), coffee, handicrafts

Exports - partners:
US 23.5%, Japan 17.6%, Tanzania 17.6%, Netherlands 11.8%, Indonesia 5.9%, Philippines 5.9%, Spain 5.9%, UK 5.9% (2002)

Imports:
$42 million c.i.f. (2002)

Imports - commodities:
food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts

Imports - partners:
UK 50%, South Africa 19%, Italy 11.9%, Tanzania 7.1%, US 4.8% (2002)

Debt - external:
$NA (1996)

Economic aid - recipient:
$12.6 million (1995); note - $5.3 million from UK (1997)

Currency:
Saint Helenian pound (SHP)

Currency code:
SHP

Exchange rates:
Saint Helenian pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944 (2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998),

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Saint Helena

Telephones - main lines in use:
2,200 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
0 (1997)

Telephone system:
general assessment: can communicate worldwide
domestic: automatic network
international: country code - 290; HF radiotelephone from Saint Helena to Ascension Island, which is a major coaxial submarine cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
3,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
0
note: television programs are received in Saint Helena via satellite and distributed by cable (2002)

Televisions:
2,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.sh

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
500 (2002)

Communications - note:
Gough Island has a meteorological station

Transportation Saint Helena

Railways:
0 km

Highways:
total: 198 km (Saint Helena 138 km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da Cunha 20 km)
paved: 168 km (Saint Helena 118km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da Cunha 10 km)
unpaved: 30 km (Saint Helena 20 km, Ascension 0 km, Tristan da Cunha 10 km) (2000)

Waterways:
none

Ports and harbors:
Georgetown (on Ascension), Jamestown

Merchant marine:
none

Airports:
1 (2003 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 1
over 3,047 m: 1 (2003 est.)

Military Saint Helena

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of the UK

Transnational Issues Saint Helena

Disputes - international:
none